greater than the sum · excess
a whole whose boundary contains interaction among parts that changes the state of the whole in a way not possible in any part alone
ordinarily means: the whole is more than just its parts added together
Examples
- The 2003 Northeast Blackout spread across eight states when one overloaded transmission line in Ohio triggered cascading failures. engineering
- A beehive maintains temperature at 35°C even when individual bees cool or warm by fanning or clustering. biology
- The Bitcoin network confirms transactions only when a majority of nodes agree, preventing any single actor from altering the ledger. computing
Emergence
Chain to foundations
as tree
- greater than the sumL10
- boundaryL2
- interactionL2
- stateL2
- wholeL3
- partL1 (shown above)
Neighborhood
Concepts that depend on this one above; what it is built from below.